Abnormal Psychology Study Guide

Chapter 16 temper disturblinesss Slides, handouts, and answers lynchpins created by K atomic issue forth 18n Clay Rhines, Ph. D. , Seton H exclusively University vent 2 What is Psychological Abnormality? What is genius? temperament is a unique and long-term pattern of inner association and outward-bound deportment constitution tends to be consistent and is oft set forth in terms of traits These traits whitethorn be inherited, learned, or both reputation is to a fault flexible, allowing us to adapt to new environments For those with spirit deflects, however, that flexibility is commonly missing acquittance 3 reputation disquietsWhat is a temper unhinge? A very rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior This pattern is seen in intimately interactions, differs from the experiences and behaviors usually expected, and continues for days dismission 4 Classifying nature Disorders A temper b new(prenominal) is diagnosed only when it causes impairmen ts in amicable or occupational functioning, or when it causes personal distress constitution disobliges typically become recognizable in adolescence or early matureness . Generally, the chance wizd person does not regard his or her behavior as undesirable or occupationaticIt has been estimated that 9 to 13% of all adults may realise a nature perturb freeing 5 Classifying disposition Disorders Classifying these disobliges is contest because little is known intimately their origins or development They atomic number 18 diagnosed on axis II of the DSM-IV outlet 6 Classifying Personality Disorders Those diagnosed with personality derangements are often also diagnosed with an Axis I put out This relationship is called comorbidity Axis II bothers my predispose stack to develop an Axis I rowdiness, or Axis I maladys may set the spot for Axis II bothers, or any(prenominal) biological condition may set the stage for bothWhatever the reason, research indicates tha t the presence of a personality disarray complicates and reduces a persons chances for a successful recovery Handout 8 Classifying Personality Disorders The various personality ailments overlap each separate so much that it skunk be difficult to distinguish mavin from another The frequent lack of agreement betwixt clinicians and diagnosticians has raised concerns about the validity and reliability of these categories Handout 10 Odd Personality Disorders stack with these unhealthinesss display behaviors similar to, notwithstanding not as extensive as, schizophreniaBehaviors embroil extreme suspiciousness, friendly withdrawal, and peculiar ways of thinking and perceiving things Such behaviors head the person isolated nearly clinicians reckon that these disorders are genuinely think to schizophrenia, and thus call them schizophrenia spectrum disorders Handout 11 Odd Personality Disorders Clinicians yield learned much about the symptoms of odd personality disorders but little about effective treatment for these disorders In fact, battalion with these disorders seldom seek treatment Handout 14 How Do Theorists apologize paranoiac Personality Disorder?The proposed explanations of this disorder, like those of most other personality disorders, subscribe authoritative little systematic research Psychodynamic theorists trace the pattern spinal column to early interactions with demanding parents cognitive theorists suggest that maladaptive effronterys such as tribe are evil and will attack you if given the chance are to blame Biological theorists propose genetic causes and stupefy looked at equal studies to yield this model Handout 15 Treatments for Paranoid Personality Disorder wad with paranoid personality disorder do not typically see themselves as needing helpFew come to treatment willingly Those who are in treatment often distrust and rebel against their therapists As a result, therapy for this disorder, as for most of the other personal ity disorders, has limited effect and moves slowly Handout 16 Treatments for Paranoid Personality Disorder Object relations therapists pass judgment to see prehistoric the patients wrath and work on the underlying wish for a satisfying relationship Behavioral and cognitive therapists try to help clients control fretfulness and improve interpersonal skills cognitive therapists also try to restructure clients maladaptive assumptions and interpretationsDrug therapy is mainly ineffective Handout 17 Schizoid Personality Disorder This disorder is characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and limited emotional demeanor Withdrawn and reclusive, volume with this disorder are not interest in relationships with others People with schizoid personality disorder focus mainly on themselves and are often seen as flat and c over-the-hill The disorder is estimated to affect less than 1% of the population It is slightly more(prenominal) likely to extend in men than in wom en Handout 22 Schizotypal Personality DisorderThis disorder is characterized by odd (even bizarre) ways of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities These symptoms may take on ideas of reference and/or bodily illusions People with the disorder often bring swell difficulty keeping their attention focused conversation is typically digressive and vague Handout 23 Schizotypal Personality Disorder socially withdrawn, concourse with this disorder seek isolation and take for few friends This disorder is the most severe of the three in this cluster It has been estimated that 2 to 4% of all pile (slightly more males than females) may shoot the disorderHandout 24 How Do Theorists rationalise Schizotypal Personality Disorder? Because the symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder so often resemble those of schizophrenia, researchers impart hypothesized that similar factors are at work in both disorders Schizotypal symptoms are often railroad tieed to poor family commun ication and to psychological disorders in parents Researchers have also begun to link schizotypal personality disorder to some of the same(p) biological factors plant in schizophrenia The disorder also has been linked to mood disorders Handout 27 Dramatic Personality DisordersThe behaviors of people with these disorders are so dramatic, emotional, or erratic that it is almost impossible for them to have relationships that are truly giving and satisfying These personality disorders are more commonly diagnosed than the others Only antisocial and borderline personality disorders have received much study The causes of the disorders are not well understood Handout 28 Antisocial Personality Disorder Sometimes described as psychopaths or sociopaths, people with antisocial personality disorder persistently dismiss and violate others rightsAside from centre-related disorders, this is the disorder most linked to adult criminal behavior The DSM-IV requires that a person be at least 18 years of age to receive this diagnosis Most people with an antisocial personality disorder displayed some patterns of misbehavior before they were 15 years old Handout 30 Antisocial Personality Disorder Surveys indicate that up to 3. 5% of people in the U. S. meet the criteria for this disorder Caucasians are middling more likely to be diagnosed than are African AmericansThe disorder is quatern times more common in men than women Because people with this disorder are often arrested, researchers frequently look for people with antisocial patterns in prison populations Studies also indicate higher(prenominal) rates of alcoholism and other substance-related disorders among this group Handout 33 How Do Theorists Explain Antisocial Personality Disorder? The cognitive view says that people with the disorder hold attitudes that trivialize the importance of other peoples needs A number of studies suggest that biological factors may play a roleFindings suggest that people with antisocial person ality disorder have lower levels of trait anxiety and arousal, leading them to be more likely than others to take risks and seek thrills Handout 34 Treatments for Antisocial Personality Disorder About 25% of all people with antisocial personality disorder receive treatment for it, til now no treatment appears to be effective A major problem is the individuals lack of conscience or desire to limiting Most have been mandated to treatment Some cognitive therapists try to transcend clients to think about moral issues and the needs of other peopleHospitals have move to create therapeutic communities Generally, most of todays treatment approaches have little to no impact on the disorder Handout 35 margin Personality Disorder People with this disorder display great instability, including major shifts in mood, an coseismal self-image, and impulsivity Interpersonal relationships also are unstable People with borderline personality disorder are prone to bouts of anger, which sometimes r esult in physical aggression and violence Just as often, however, they direct their impulsive anger inward and harm themselvesHandout 37 Borderline Personality Disorder Almost 2% of the general population are thought to suffer from this disorder Close to 75% of those diagnosed are women The fall of the disorder varies In the most common pattern, the instability and risk of felo-de-se reach a peak during young adulthood and then in stages lessen with advancing age Handout 39 How Do Theorists Explain Borderline Personality Disorder? Some haves of the disorder also have been linked to biological abnormalities Sufferers who are particularly impulsive apparently have lower brain serotonin activityClose relatives of those with borderline personality disorder are five times more likely than the general population to have the disorder Some sociocultural theorists suggest that cases of borderline personality disorder are particularly likely to emerge in finales that change chop-chop Ha ndout 40 Treatments for Borderline Personality Disorder It appears that psychotherapy can eventually lead to some degree of improvement for people with this disorder It is not easy, though, for a therapist to strike a balance between empathizing with a patients dependency and anger and challenging his or her way of thinkingFurthermore, termination of therapy is often incredibly difficult Handout 42 Treatments for Borderline Personality Disorder Antidepressant, antibipolar, antianxiety, and antipsychotic drugs have helped some individuals to tranquilize their emotional and aggressive storms Given the high risk of suicide attempts by these patients, their use of drugs on an outpatient basis is controversial Some patients have benefited from a combination of drug therapy and psychotherapy Handout 43 histrionic Personality DisorderPeople with histrionic personality disorder are extremely emotional and continually seek to be the center of attention They often engage in attention-gettin g behaviors Approval and praise are the lifeblood of these individuals People with histrionic personality disorder are often described as vain, self-centered, and demanding Some create suicide attempts, often to manipulate others Handout 44 Histrionic Personality Disorder This disorder was once believed to be more common in women than in men However, research has revealed gender bias in past diagnosesThe latest statistics suggest that around 2% percent of adults have this personality disorder, with males and females equally affected Handout 46 How Do Theorists Explain Histrionic Personality Disorder? Cognitive theorists look at the lack of substance and the extreme suggestibility seen in people with the disorder Some propose that people with histrionic personality disorder hold a general assumption that they are helpless to care for themselves Sociocultural theorists believe the disorder is caused in part by bon tons norms and expectationsThe vain, dramatic, and selfish behavior ma y be an exaggeration of femininity as defined by our culture Handout 47 Treatments for Histrionic Personality Disorder Unlike people with most other personality disorders, those with histrionic personality disorder often seek treatment on their own Working with them can be difficult because of their demands, tantrums, seductiveness, and attempts to please the therapist Handout 49 self-conceited Personality Disorder People with narcissistic personality disorder are largely grandiose, need much admiration, and feel no empathy for othersConvinced of their own great success, power, or beauty, they expect constant attention and admiration from those around them People with this disorder exaggerate their achievements and talents, and often appear arrogant Handout 50 Narcissistic Personality Disorder People with this disorder are seldom interested in the feelings of others Many take advantage of others to achieve their own ends plausibly less than 1% of adults display narcissistic perso nality disorder Up to 75% of these are men This type of behavior is common among teenagers and do not usually lead to adult narcissismHandout 51 How Do Theorists Explain Narcissistic Personality Disorder? Psychodynamic theorists more than others have theorized about this disorder, direction on cold, rejecting parents Object-relations theorists interpret the grandiose self-presentation as a way for these people to convince themselves that they are self-sufficient and without need of warm relationships In support of this theory, research has found increased risk for developing the disorder among ill-treat children and those from divorced families Handout 52 How Do Theorists Explain Narcissistic Personality Disorder?Behavioral and cognitive theorists propose that narcissistic personality disorder may develop when people are treated too positively rather than too negatively in early life Those with the disorder have been taught to overvalue their self-worth In support of this explanati on, first-born and only children score higher on measures of narcissism Finally, many sociocultural theorists see a link between narcissistic personality disorder and eras of narcissism in society Handout 53 Treatments for Narcissistic Personality Disorder This disorder is one of the most difficult personality patterns to treatClients who consult therapists usually do so because of a related disorder, most commonly depression Once in treatment, the individuals may try to manipulate the therapist into supporting their sense of superiority None of the major treatment approaches has had much success Handout 55 Anxious Personality Disorders People with these disorders typically display anxious and appalling behavior Although many of the symptoms are similar to those of anxiety and depressive disorders, researchers have found no links between this cluster and those Axis I diagnoses As with most of the personality disorders, research is limitedBut treatments for this cluster appear to be lower-rankingly to moderately accommodative Handout 56 Avoidant Personality Disorder People with avoidant personality disorder are very uncomfortable and restrained in social situations, overwhelmed by feelings of inadequacy, and extremely sensitive to negative evaluation They believe themselves unappealing or inferior and often have few obstruct friends Handout 57 Avoidant Personality Disorder The disorder is similar to social phobia, and many people with one disorder experience the other Similarities between the two disorders include a few of humiliation and low self-confidenceA key difference is that people with social phobia mainly fear social circumstances, while people with avoidant personality disorder tend to fear windup social relationships Between 1 and 2% of adults have avoidant personality disorder Handout 60 How Do Theorists Explain Avoidant Personality Disorder? Cognitive theorists believe that harsh criticism and rejection in early childhood may lead people to as sume that others will always judge them gratingly In several studies, individuals reported memories that supported both the psychodynamic and cognitive theoriesHandout 61 Treatments for Avoidant Personality Disorder People with avoidant personality disorder come to therapy want acceptance and affection Keeping them in therapy can be challenging because they often begin to avoid sessions A key task of the therapist is to build trust Beyond building trust, therapists tend to treat the disorder as they treat social phobia and anxiety These treatments have had modest success Group and drug therapy may also be effectual Handout 62 Dependent Personality Disorder People with parasitic personality disorder have a pervasive, excessive need to be taken care ofAs a result, they are clinging and obedient, fearing separation from their loved ones They bank on others so much that they cannot make the smallest decision for themselves The central feature of the disorder is a difficulty with se paration Handout 65 How Do Theorists Explain Dependent Personality Disorder? Behaviorists propose that parents of those with dependent personality disorder unintentionally rewarded their childrens clinging and loyal behavior while sullen acts of independence Alternatively, some parents own dependent behaviors may have served as models for their childrenHandout 68 Treatments for Dependent Personality Disorder Treatment can be at least modestly helpful Psychodynamic therapy focuses on many of the same issues as therapy for people with depression Cognitive therapists try to help clients argufy and change their assumptions of incompetence and helplessness Antidepressant drug therapy has been helpful for those whose disorder is accompanied by depression Group therapy can be helpful because it provides clients an opportunity to receive support from a number of peers and because group members may serve as models for one anotherHandout 70 psychoneurotic Personality Disorder Between 2 and 5% of the population has this disorder, with white, educated, married, and employed individuals receiving the diagnosis most often Men are twice as likely as women to display the disorder Many clinicians believe that obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder (the anxiety disorder) are closely related time the disorders share similar symptoms, researchers have not found a circumstantial link between them Handout 72 How Do Theorists Explain Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder?Freudian theorists suggest that people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are anal regressive Because of overly harsh canful training, people become angry and remain fixated at this stage of psychosexual development To keep their anger under control, they resist both their anger and their instincts to have bowel movements As a result, they become extremely dapper and restrained Handout 77 What Problems Are Posed by the DSM Categories? Some of the diagnostic criteria cannot be observed directly The diagnoses often rely heavily on the impressions of the individual clinicianSimilarly, clinicians differ widely in their judgments about when a normal personality style crosses the line and deserves to be called a disorder Handout 79 What Problems Are Posed by the DSM Categories? Because of these problems, diagnosticians keep ever-changing the criteria used to assess the personality disorders Further, some theorists believe that the personality disorders actually differ more in degree than in type of dysfunction Some theorists have proposed that the disorders be organized by how severe authentic key traits are rather than by the presence or absence of specific traits